Almennt
Porifera - svampdýr
(English at bottom of page)
Svampdýr, eða svampar, þrífast nær eingöngu í sjó, allt frá fjöru og niður í dýpstu afkima sjávar. Stærstu erlendu tegundirnar geta orðið á þriðja metra í þvermál (Xsestospongia) og yfir 300 kíló (Spheciospongia), en þær smæstu sjást varla með berum augum. Elstu steingerðu svampdýrin eru um 650 milljón ára. Þekktar eru ríflega 8.500 núlifandi tegundir í heiminum og þar af eru um 250 í ferskvatni. Gríðarstór svamparif voru algeng áður í jarðsögunni einkum á júratímabilinu (fyrir 201-145 milljónum ára), en eitt slíkt núlifandi rif er myndað af glersvömpum undan vesturströnd Kanada.
Fullvaxin svampdýr sitja kyrrstæð á botni sjávar og nærast á smásæjum fæðuögnum sem þau sía úr sjó sem seytlar eftir vatnsrásarkerfi í gegnum skrokkinn, misflóknu eftir tegundum. Sköpulag svampdýra er mjög fjölbreytt og mótast hjá sumum tegundum af umhvefisaðstæðum, eins og straumum, öldugangi eða gerð undirlags. Hnöttótt vaxtarlag er algengt, ásamt blað- eða fingurlaga formum, og sumar tegundir mynda skánir á steinum eða öðru undirlagi. Einfaldasta vaxtarform svampdýra líkist bikar eða sekk (asconid), með eitt stórt útstreymisop efst á dýrinu, en hliðar sekksins eru alsettar fjölda smásærra innstreymisopa. Algengari eru flóknari líkamsgerðir með mörgum útstreymisopum, þar sem yfirborðið leggst í fellingar (syconid), eða myndar margslungið völundarhús (leuconid) með göngum og holrýmum. Engin skörp skil aðgreina tegundir eða flokkunarheildir eftir slíkum vaxtarformum. Þótt flest svampdýr séu síarar eru allmargar tegundir rándýr (um 120). Ránsvampar hafa ekkert vatnsrásarkerfi, heldur er yfirborðið límkennt, gjarnan með króknálum sem smærri dýr festast í og meltast í kjölfarið. Nokkrar ránsvampategundir af ættinni Cladorhizidae eru fremur algengar á Íslandsmiðum. Vaxtarlag ránsvampa er gjarnan uppréttur stilkur með eða án endahnúð, fjaðurlaga stafur eða greinótt tré.
Skrokkur svampdýra er gerður úr allmörgum sérhæfðum frumum sem þó starfa fremur sjálfstætt og án mikillar samhæfingar, og mynda því ekki eiginleg líffæri eða frumuvefi. Líkamsþyngd nánsast allra svampdýra er borin uppi af innri stoðgrind, samsettri úr hornkenndum trefjum, ásamt nálum úr kalki eða kísil. Samsetning stoðgrindarinnar og gerð stoðnála er afar fjölbreytt og mismunandi eftir tegundum.
Flokkunarkerfi svampdýra er í mikilli og stöðugri endurskoðun, með sífellt auknum skilningi á þróunarsögulegum skyldleika. Slík flokkun byggist á ýmsum arfgengum sérkennum, eins og gerð stoðgrindar og erfðaefnis. Svampar skiptast í fjóra meginhópa, en hornsvampar er tegundaríkastur, með um 81% allra þekktra svampdýrategunda.
Glersvampar (Hexactinellida): stoðgrind úr kísilnálum með sex greinaása.
Kalksvampar (Calcarea): stoðgrind úr kalki.
Hornsvampar, njarðarvettir (Demospongiae): stoðgrind úr kollagentrefjum og kísilnálum, eins eða fjögurra ása; aldrei þriggja ása.
Skorpusvampar (Homoschleromorpha): samskonar stoðkerfi og í hornsvömpum, en hafa sérstæð gen og ýmis sértæk líkamseinkenni.
Svampdýr eru algeng á íslensku hafsvæði. Stórvaxnar tegundir þekja allstór svæði og mynda sérstaka vistgerð, svonefndan svampabotn eða „ostabotn“, sem fóstra tegundarík dýrasamfélög, sem jafnframt eru afar viðkvæm fyrir hverskyns botnskarki. Suður og vestur af landinu í tempruðum sjó, einkum meðfram landgrunnsbrúninni eru ríkjandi svampdýr: Geodia barretti, Geodia macandrewi, Geodia atlantica, Geodia phlegraei, Stryphnus fortis og Stelletta normani. Í kaldari sjó norðaustur og austur af landinu og í Grænlandssundi eru aðrar tegundir ríkjandi: Geodia mesotriaena, Geodia parva (Cárdenas o.fl. 2013) og Stelletta rhaphidiophora og Schaudinnia rosea. Á íslensku hafsvæði er vitað um 193 tegundir, auk tegundarinnar Ephydatia muelleri, sem er í ferskvatni.
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Porifera
The economic zone of Iceland comprises 758.000 km2 and covers partly the arctic waters of the larger Norwegian-Greenland Sea and the more temperate waters of the North Atlantic. The BIOICE project was initiated in 1991 with the objective to gain basic knowledge about benthic invertebrate species within Iceland’s exclusive economic zone, and to assess individual species’ prevalence and distribution. The sampling phase ended in the year 2004, resulting in 1.031 zoological samples, taken with an Agassiz trawl, RP-epibenthic sledge, detritus sledge and a triangle dredge, depending on the bottom type. Porifera occurred in 815 (79%) of these samples that are widely distributed within the sampling area. The late Dr. Ole Secher Tendal (1942-2020) and his assistants, zealously oversaw that collection and preservation of the larger poriferan specimens that were sampled during each of the twenty BIOICE cruises and made sure these were properly handled. Smaller specimens were later sorted from the samples at the Sandgerdi Marine Centre (now Nature Centre). Identification and taxonomic analysis of the BIOICE material is at present only partly completed for certain sub-taxa and species.
The latest comprehensive account of the marine Porifera in Icelandic waters is that of Burton (1959) and comprises 159 species. Burton revised the of records and museum specimens that were collected during the Danish Ingolf Expedition (Lundbeck 1902, 1905, 1910; Burton 1928) and several other reports (Schmidt 1870; Haeckel 1872; Topsent 1913; Schmidt 1904). Those records were mostly from the shelf around Iceland above the 500 m depth contour, but also from deeper waters.
The present checklist of poriferan species in Icelandic waters comprisies 193 species names and 38 putative species identified to genus, compiled from publications 1-6 and several unpublished identificantions made by Laure de Montety and Steinunn Hilma Ólafsdóttir on the BIOICE samples and on material collected during cruises of the annual groundfish surveys of the Marine and Freshwater Institute in Iceland. Species names are updated according to WoRMS, accessed in Sept. 2021 (https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=558).
1. Burton, M. 1959. Spongia. The Zoology of Iceland II, Part 3-4. Munksgaard, Copenhagen and Reykjavik.
2. Klitgaard, A.B. and O.S. Tendal. 2004. Distribution and species composition of mass occurrences of large-sized sponges in the northeast Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography 61 (2004) 57–98.
3. Cárdenas P., Rapp H.T., Klitgaard A.B., Best M., Thollesson M. & Tendal O.S. 2013. Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region: Revision of Atlantic boreo-arctic Geodia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 169 (2): 251–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12056
4. Cárdenas P. & Rapp H.T. 2015. Demosponges from the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge shed more light on the diversity and biogeography of North Atlantic deep-sea sponges. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95 (7): 1475–1516. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415000983
5. Hestetun J.T., Tompkins-Macdonald G. & Rapp H.T. 2017. A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw022
6. Plotkin A., Gerasimova E. & Rapp H.T. 2018. Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) of the Nordic and Siberian Seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98 (6): 1273–1335. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315417000285
CHECKLIST OF MARINE PORIFERA SPECIES IN ICELANDIC WATERS
Compiled by Laure de Montety and Steinunn Hilma Ólafsdóttir & Gudmundur Gudmundsson, Icelandic Institute of Natural History.
Cite this page as: de Montety, L., Ólafsdóttir, and Gudmundsson G., (2021). Checklist of Marine Porifera in Icelandic Waters, https://www.ni.is/biota/animalia/porifera, (accessed d/m/y).
Calcarea (class) - kalksvampar
Baerida Baeriidae Leucopsila stilifera (Schmidt, 1870)
Clathrinida Clathrinidae Clathrina coriacea (Montagu, 1814)
Leucosolenida Grantiidae Aphroceras ensata (Bowerbank, 1858)
Leucosolenida Grantiidae Grantia compressa (Fabricius, 1780)
Leucosolenida Grantiidae Leucandra gossei (Bowerbank, 1862)
Leucosolenida Grantiidae Leucandra fistulosa (Johnston, 1842)
Leucosolenida Heteropiidae Sycettusa glacialis (Haeckel, 1870)
Leucosolenida Leucosoleniidae Leucosolenia complicata (Montagu, 1814)
Leucosolenida Sycettidae Sycon ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780)
Leucosolenida Sycettidae Sycon villosum (Haeckel, 1870)
Leucosolenida Sycettidae Sycon sp. Risso, 1827
Demospongiae (class) - hornsvampar
Heteroscleromorpha (subclass) Heteroscleromorpha sp.
Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella infundibuliformis (Linnaeus, 1759)
Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella polypoides Schmidt, 1862
Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella sp. Schmidt, 1862
Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella arctica (Vosmaer, 1885)
Axinellida Axinellidae Axinella rugosa (Bowerbank, 1866)
Axinellida Axinellidae Phakellia ventilabrum (Linnaeus, 1767)
Axinellida Axinellidae Phakellia robusta Bowerbank, 1866
Axinellida Axinellidae Phakellia lambei Topsent, 1913
Axinellida Axinellidae Phakellia sp. Bowerbank, 1862
Axinellida Raspailiidae Aulospongus villosus (Thiele, 1898)
Axinellida Raspailiidae Eurypon clavatum (Bowerbank, 1866)
Axinellida Raspailiidae Hymeraphia stellifera Bowerbank, 1864
Axinellida Raspailiidae Janulum spinispiculum (Carter, 1876)
Axinellida Stelligeridae Halicnemia verticillata (Bowerbank, 1866)
Axinellida Stelligeridae Higginsia strigilata (Lamarck, 1814)
Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna variantia (Bowerbank, 1858)
Biemnida Biemnidae Biemna sp. Gray, 1867
Bubarida Bubaridae Bubaris vermiculata (Bowerbank, 1866)
Clionaida Clionidae Cliona sp. Grant, 1826
Dendroceratida Darwinellidae Aplysilla sp. Schulze, 1878
Dendroceratida Darwinellidae Aplysilla arctica Laubenfels, 1948
Dendroceratida Dictyodendrillidae Spongionella pulchella (Sowerby, 1804)
Dendroceratida Dictyodendrillidae Spongionella sp. Bowerbank, 1862
Desmacellida Desmacellidae Desmacella infundibuliformis (Vosmaer, 1885)
Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1814)
Haplosclerida Chalinidae Cladocroce ventilabrum (Fristedt, 1887)
Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona tenera (Marenzeller, 1878)
Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona tenuiderma (Lundbeck, 1902)
Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona sp. Grant, 1841
Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona (Flagellia) flagellifera (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)
Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona (Haliclona) urceolus (Rathke & Vahl, 1806)
Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona (Rhizoniera) rosea (Bowerbank, 1866)
Haplosclerida Niphatidae Hemigellius calyx (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)
Haplosclerida Niphatidae Hemigellius arcofer (Vosmaer, 1885)
Haplosclerida Petrosiidae Petrosia (Petrosia) crassa (Carter, 1876)
Haplosclerida Phloeodictyidae Oceanapia robusta (Bowerbank, 1866)
Merliida Hamacanthidae Hamacantha sp. Gray, 1867
Merliida Hamacanthidae Hamacantha (Vomerula) bowerbanki Lundbeck, 1902
Merliida Hamacanthidae Hamacantha (Vomerula) papillata Vosmaer, 1885
Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Cornulum textile Carter, 1876
Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Iophon sp. Gray, 1867
Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Iophon piceum (Vosmaer, 1882)
Poecilosclerida Acarnidae Iophon dogieli Koltun, 1955
Poecilosclerida Chondropsidae Psammoclema finmarchicum (Hentschel, 1929)
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Abyssocladia dominalba Vacelet, 2006
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Asbestopluma sp. Topsent, 1901
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) pennatula (Schmidt, 1875)
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) furcata Lundbeck, 1905
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Chondrocladia sp. Thomson, 1873
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) grandis (Verrill, 1879)
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Cladorhiza abyssicola Sars, 1872
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Cladorhiza corticocancellata Carter, 1876
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Cladorhiza gelida Lundbeck, 1905
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Cladorhiza oxeata Lundbeck, 1905
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Cladorhiza sp. Sars, 1872
Poecilosclerida Cladorhizidae Lycopodina infundibulum (Levinsen, 1887)
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) physa (Schmidt, 1875)
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Forcepia sp. Carter, 1874
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Forcepia (Forcepia) toxafera Cárdenas & Rapp, 2015
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Forcepia (Forcepia) thielei Lundbeck, 1905
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Histodermella sp. Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Inflatella pellicula Schmidt, 1875
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx sp. Topsent, 1892
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) diversichela Lundbeck, 1905
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) sophia (Fristedt, 1887)
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) complicata (Hansen, 1885)
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) lobosa Lundbeck, 1905
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) laxa de Laubenfels, 1935
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) indistincta (Fristedt, 1887)
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) fragilis (Fristedt, 1885)
Poecilosclerida Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) stipitata (Arnesen, 1903)
Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella (Grayella) carnosa (Topsent, 1904)
Poecilosclerida Crellidae Crella (Yvesia) pyrula (Carter, 1876)
Poecilosclerida Dendoricellidae Dendoricella flabelliformis (Hansen, 1885)
Poecilosclerida Esperiopsidae Amphilectus ovulum (Schmidt, 1870)
Poecilosclerida Esperiopsidae Esperiopsis villosa (Carter, 1874)
Poecilosclerida Esperiopsidae Semisuberites cribrosa (Miklucho-Maclay, 1870)
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) occulta Bowerbank in Norman, 1869
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) baculifera (Topsent, 1901)
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) koehleri (Topsent, 1896)
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) truncata Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) simillima Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) longistylus Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) nummulus Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) similis Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) curvichela Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) perforata Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) pugio Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) planca Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) tenuisigma Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) grandis Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) trichoma Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) macrosigma Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) irregularis Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) proxima Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) crux (Schmidt, 1875)
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) levis Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) bowerbanki Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) latrunculioides Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) mollis Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) verrucosa Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) procumbens Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Stylopus) longurius Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Stylopus) primitiva Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Hymedesmia (Stylopus) coriacea (Fristedt, 1885)
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas perarmatus (Bowerbank, 1866)
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas dendyi (Topsent, 1890)
Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Plocamionida ambigua (Bowerbank, 1866)
Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotroata abyssi (Carter, 1874)
Poecilosclerida Iotrochotidae Iotroata polydentata (Lundbeck, 1905)
Poecilosclerida Isodictyidae Isodictya palmata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
Poecilosclerida Latrunculiidae Latrunculia (Biannulata) triloba (Schmidt, 1875)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Antho (Acarnia) coriacea (Bowerbank, 1874)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Antho (Antho) dichotoma (Linnaeus, 1767)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Artemisina arcigera (Schmidt, 1870)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Artemisina sp. Vosmaer, 1885
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria (Clathria) barleei (Bowerbank, 1866)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria (Clathria) microchela (Stephens, 1916)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria (Clathria) hjorti (Arnesen, 1920)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria (Clathria) acanthotoxa (Stephens, 1916)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria (Microciona) laevis (Bowerbank, 1866)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria (Microciona) primitiva (Koltun, 1955)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria (Microciona) ditoxa (Stephens, 1916)
Poecilosclerida Microcionidae Clathria (Paresperia) anchorata (Carter, 1874)
Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale sp. Gray, 1867
Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale (Mycale) lingua (Bowerbank, 1866)
Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale (Mycale) loveni (Fristedt, 1887)
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Hymenancora interjecta Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Hymenancora conjungens Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Hymenancora tenuisclera Lundbeck, 1910
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Melonanchora elliptica Carter, 1874
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Melonanchora sp. Carter, 1874
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Myxilla brunnea Hansen, 1885
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Myxilla (Myxilla) fimbriata (Bowerbank, 1866)
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Myxilla (Myxilla) incrustans (Johnston, 1842)
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Myxilla (Myxilla) perspinosa Lundbeck, 1905
Poecilosclerida Myxillidae Stelodoryx pluridentata (Lundbeck, 1905)
Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Tedania (Tedania) suctoria Schmidt, 1870
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia uberrima (Schmidt, 1870)
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia sp. Bowerbank, 1862
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia thielei Koltun, 1964
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia grimaldii (Topsent, 1913)
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia hemisphaerica (Sars, 1872)
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia boletiformis (Lamarck, 1815)
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Polymastia mamillaris (Müller, 1806)
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Quasillina brevis (Bowerbank, 1861)
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Quasillina richardi Topsent, 1913
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Radiella sol Schmidt, 1870
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Radiella sp. Schmidt, 1870
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Sphaerotylus borealis (Swartschewsky, 1906)
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Spinularia sp. Gray, 1867
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Spinularia sarsii (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Tentorium semisuberites (Schmidt, 1870)
Polymastiida Polymastiidae Weberella bursa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Suberitida Halichondriidae Ciocalypta penicillus Bowerbank, 1862
Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria sp. Fleming, 1828
Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria (Eumastia) sitiens (Schmidt, 1870)
Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria (Halichondria) oblonga (Hansen, 1885)
Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria (Halichondria) velamentosa (Hansen, 1885)
Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria (Halichondria) panicea (Pallas, 1766)
Suberitida Halichondriidae Halichondria (Halichondria) bowerbanki Burton, 1930
Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon perlevis (Montagu, 1814)
Suberitida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon fasciculata (Fristedt, 1887)
Suberitida Stylocordylidae Stylocordyla borealis (Lovén, 1868)
Suberitida Suberitidae Homaxinella sp. Topsent, 1916
Suberitida Suberitidae Plicatellopsis bowerbanki (Vosmaer, 1885)
Suberitida Suberitidae Pseudosuberites sulphureus (Bowerbank, 1866)
Suberitida Suberitidae Pseudosuberites hyalinus (Ridley & Dendy, 1887)
Suberitida Suberitidae Rhizaxinella sp. Keller, 1880
Suberitida Suberitidae Suberites ficus (Johnston, 1842)
Suberitida Suberitidae Suberites domuncula (Olivi, 1792)
Suberitida Suberitidae Suberites carnosus (Johnston, 1842)
Suberitida Suberitidae Suberites sp. Nardo, 1833
Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya aurantium (Pallas, 1766)
Tethyida Tethyidae Tethya citrina Sarà & Melone, 1965
Tethyida Timeidae Timea unistellata (Topsent, 1892)
Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta normani Sollas, 1880
Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta rhaphidiophora Hentschel, 1929
Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stelletta sp. Schmidt, 1862
Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stryphnus ponderosus (Bowerbank, 1866)
Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stryphnus sp. Sollas, 1886
Tetractinellida Ancorinidae Stryphnus fortis (Vosmaer, 1885)
Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia barretti Bowerbank, 1858
Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia cydonium (Linnaeus, 1767)
Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia hentscheli Cárdenas, Rapp, Schander & Tendal, 2010
Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia parva Hansen, 1885
Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia mesotriaena Lendenfeld, 1910
Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia atlantica (Stephens, 1915)
Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia phlegraei (Sollas, 1880)
Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia macandrewii Bowerbank, 1858
Tetractinellida Geodiidae Geodia sp. Lamarck, 1815
Tetractinellida Tetillidae Craniella cranium (Müller, 1776)
Tetractinellida Tetillidae Craniella zetlandica (Carter, 1872)
Tetractinellida Tetillidae Craniella longipilis (Topsent, 1904)
Tetractinellida Tetillidae Craniella sp. Schmidt, 1870
Tetractinellida Tetillidae Craniella polyura (Schmidt, 1870)
Tetractinellida Tetillidae Tetilla sp. Schmidt, 1868
Tetractinellida Theneidae Thenea valdiviae Lendenfeld, 1907
Tetractinellida Theneidae Thenea muricata (Bowerbank, 1858)
Tetractinellida Theneidae Thenea sp. Gray, 1867
Tetractinellida Theneidae Thenea levis Lendenfeld, 1907
Tetractinellida Theneidae Thenea abyssorum Koltun, 1964
Tetractinellida Vulcanellidae Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866)
Hexactinellida (class) glersvampar
Amphidiscosida Hyalonematidae Hyalonema sp. Gray, 1832
Amphidiscosida Pheronematidae Pheronema carpenteri (Thomson, 1869)
Amphidiscosida Pheronematidae Pheronema sp. Leidy, 1868
Lyssacinosida Rossellidae Asconema setubalense Kent, 1870
Lyssacinosida Rossellidae Asconema foliatum (Fristedt, 1887)
Lyssacinosida Rossellidae Asconema sp. Kent, 1870
Lyssacinosida Rossellidae Mellonympha velata (Thomson, 1873)
Lyssacinosida Rossellidae Schaudinnia rosea (Fristedt, 1887)
Lyssacinosida Rossellidae Schaudinnia sp. Schulze, 1900
Lyssacinosida Rossellidae Scyphidium septentrionale Schulze, 1900
Lyssacinosida Rossellidae Trichasterina borealis Schulze, 1900
Sceptrulophora Aphrocallistidae Aphrocallistes Gray, 1858
Homoscleromorpha (class) skorpusvampar
Homosclerophorida Oscarellidae Oscarella lobularis (Schmidt, 1862)
Heimildir
1.Cavalier-Smith, T., M. T. E. P. Allsopp, E. E. Chao, N. Boury-Esnault, and J. Vacelet. 1996. Sponge phylogeny, animal monophyly, and the origin of the nervous system: 18S rRNA evidence. Can. J. Zool. 74:2031-2045.
2. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Porifera/ (skoðað nov.2015)
3. Burton, M. 1952. Spongia. The Zoology of Iceland II, Part 3-4. Munksgaard, Copenhagen and Reykjavik.
4. Klitgaard, A.B. and O.S. Tendal. 2004. Distribution and species composition of mass occurrences of large-sized sponges in the northeast Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography 61 (2004) 57–98.
Höfundur
Guðmundur Guðmundsson 3.mars 2016