Lýsing
Götungar (Foraminifera) eru einfruma sjávardýr sem mynda smágerðar skeljar úr kalki eða samanlímdum sandkornum og öðrum aðskotahlutum. Skeljarnar eru fjölbreytilegar að gerð, allt allt frá einföldum sekklaga hjúp til þess að vera samsettar úr fjölda smáhólfa. Algeng stærð götunga er frá um 0,1 til 0,5 mm, en margar núlifandi tegundir verða nokkrir sentimetrar.
Lífveran sem myndar skelina er slímkennd fruma, sem heldur sig að mestu innan í skelinni og sendir frá sér langa þræði af frymistaumum, svonefnda skinfætur, sem mynda óreglulegt frymisnet (granuloreticulate pseudopods). Skinfæturna, eða frymisnetið, notar fruman til færa sig úr stað, veiða aðrar lífverur sér til viðurværis, eða taka til sín uppleyst næringarefni úr umhverfinu.
Götungar eru meðal algengustu lífvera sjávar; þeir eru í öllum heimshöfum, allt frá fjöru og niður í dýpstu afkima sjávar. Algengt er að millilítri af botnseti innihaldi nokkur hundruð eintök sem tilheyra tugum tegunda. Botn heimshafanna er víða þakinn misþykku lagi af tómum götungaskeljum. Setlög jarðar eru óhemju rík af steingerðum götungum, allt frá kambríum. Af þeim sökum hafa götungar verið rannsakaðir af kappi frá því fyrir upphaf 19. aldar. Þekktar eru um 40.000 steingerðar tegundir og þar af eru um 2.100 núlifandi. Langflestar tegundirnar eru botnlægar, sem ýmist sitja fastar á hörðu undirlagi, mjaka sér eftir sjávarbotninum eða grafa sig niður í laust botnset. Aðeins um 40 núlifandi tegundir ala allan sinn aldur sem svifdýr í efri lögum sjávar. Þótt sviflægu tegundirnar séu fáar, þá er sjávarbotninn víða þakinn allþykku lagi af skeljum þeirra (globigerina ooze).
Á Íslandsmiðum eru þekktar götungategundir 241. Ein af stærstu tegundundunum á Íslandsmiðum (Cornuspiroides striolatus) myndar kalkskel, sem getur orðið allt að 4 cm í þvermál.
Þekktar götungategundir á Íslandsmiðum, hér skipað í þrjá hópa eftir byggingarefni skeljar samkvæmt viðtekinni venju.
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Sandgötungar (Agglutinating species)
Adercotryma glomerata (Brady, 1878)
Ammodiscus gullmarensis Höglund, 1948
Ammoglobigerina globigeriniformis (Parker & Jones, 1865)
Archimerismus subnodosus (Brady, 1884)
Armorella sphaerica Heron-Allen & Earland, 1932
Astrorhiza arenaria Carpenter in Norman, 1877
Astrorhiza granulosa (Brady, 1879)
*Astrorhiza angulosa Brady, 1881
Astrorhiza limicola Sandahl, 1858
Astrorhiza sabulifera Shchedrina, 1946
Bathysiphon crassatina (Brady, 1884)
*Astrorhiza crassatina Brady, 1884
Bathysiphon giganteum Cushman, 1917
*Bathysiphon flavidum var. giganteum Cushman, 1917
Botellina labyrinthica Brady, 1881
Cribrostomoides jeffreysii (Williamson, 1858)
Cribrostomoides subglobosa (Cushman, 1910)
*Cribrostomoides subglobosus (Cushman, 1910)
Crithionina granum Goës, 1894
Crithionina hispida Flint, 1899
Crithionina pisum Goës, 1896
Cuneata arctica (Brady, 1881)
*Reophax arctica Brady, 1881
Cystammina pauciloculata (Brady, 1879)
Dendronina arborescens Heron-Allen & Earland, 1922
*Hyperammina arborescens (Heron-Allen & Earland, 1922)
Eggerella bradyi (Cushman, 1911)
*Verneulina bradyi Cushman, 1911
Haplophragmoides canariensis (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Haplophragmoides major Cushman, 1920
Hemisphaerammina bradyi Loeblich & Tappan, 1957
Hormosina pilulifera (Brady, 1884)
*Reophax pilulifera Brady, 1884
Hormosinella distans (Brady, 1881)
*Reophax distans Brady, 1881
Hormosinella guttifera (Brady, 1881)
*Reophax guttifera Brady, 1881
Hyperammina cylindrica Parr, 1950
Hyperammina elongata Brady, 1878
Hyperammina friabilis Brady, 1884
Hyperammina laevigata Wright, 1891
Jaculella obtusa Brady, 1882
Komokia multiramosa Tendal & Hessler, 1977
Labrospira crassimargo (Norman, 1892)
*Cribrostomoides crassimargo (Norman, 1892)
Lagenammina difflugiformis (Brady, 1879)
*Saccammina difflugiformis (Brady, 1879)
Loeblichopsis sabulosa (Brady, 1881)
Pilulina jeffreysii Carpenter, 1875
Placopsilinella aurantiaca Earland, 1934
Psammatodendron arborescens Norman, 1881
Psammosphaera fusca Schulze, 1875
Recurvoidella bradyi (Robertson, 1891)
*Haplophragmoides bradyi (Robertson, 1891)
Recurvoides turbinata (Brady, 1881)
*Recurvoides turbinatus (Brady, 1881)
Reophax nodulosus Brady, 1879
Reophax rostrata Höglund, 1947
Reophax scorpiurus de Montfort, 1808
Reophax subfusiformis Earland, 1933
Rhabdammina abyssorum M. Sars, 1869
Rhabdammina linearis Brady, 1879
Rhabdammina neglecta Gooday, 1986
Rhizammina algaeformis Brady, 1879
Saccammina sphaerica Brady, 1871
*Astrammina sphaerica (Brady, 1871)
Saccorhiza ramosa (Brady, 1879)
Septuma ocotillo Tendal & Hessler, 1977
Spiroplectammina biformis (Parker & Jones, 1865)
Technitella legumen Norman, 1878
Testulosiphon indivisus (Brady, 1884)
Textularia bocki Höglund, 1947
Textularia earlandi Parker, 1952
Textularia torquata Parker, 1952
Testulosiphon indivisus (Brady, 1884)
Tholosina bulla (Brady, 1881)
Thurammina albicans Brady, 1879
Thurammina compressa Brady, 1879
Thurammina papillata Brady, 1879
Tolypammina vagans (Brady, 1879)
Tritaxis fusca (Williamson, 1858)
Trochammina inflata (Montagu, 1808)
Trochammina nana (Brady, 1881)
Trochammina pseudoinflata Scott & Vilks, 1991
Trochammina pusilla Höglund, 1947
*Trochammina quadriloba Höglund, 1948
Trochammina squamata Jones & Parker, 1860
Verneuilinulla advena (Cushman, 1922)
*Eggerella advena (Cushman, 1922)
Postulínsgötungar (Calcareous species - porcellaneous)
Biloculinella inflata (Wright, 1902)
Cornuloculina inconstans (Brady, 1879)
*Ophthalmidium inconstans Brady, 1884
Cornuspira antarctica Rhumbler, 1931
Cornuspira carinata (Costa, 1856)
Cornuspira foliacea (Philippi, 1844)
Cornuspira involvens (Reuss, 1850)
Cyclogyra involvens (Reuss, 1850)
Cornuspirella diffusa (Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913)
Cornuspira profundum Stschedrina, 1946
Cornuspiroides striolata (Brady, 1882)
Cribromiliolinella ericsoni (Loeblich & Tappan, 1957)
*Cruciloculina ericsoni Loeblich & Tappan, 1957
Cycloforina contorta (d'Orbigny, 1839)
* Quinqueloculina contorta d'Orbigny, 1839
Discospirina tenuissima (Costa, 1856)
(non Discospirinia ittalica (Costa, 1856))
Edentostomina cultrata (Brady, 1881)
*Quinqueloculina cultrata (Brady, 1881)
Fischerina communis (Seguenza, 1880)
Glomospira gordialis (Jones & Parker, 1860)
Gordiospira arctica Cushman, 1933
Miliolinella circularis (Bornemann, 1855)
*Triloculina circularis Bornemann, 1855
Miliolinella subrotunda (Montagu, 1803)
*Quinqueloculina subrotunda Montagnu, 1803
*Pateoris hauerinoides (Rhumbler, 1936)
Miliolinella valvularis (Reuss, 1851)
* Triloculina valvularis Reuss, 1851
Spirophthalmidium acutimargo (Brady, 1884)
*Ophthalmidium acutimargo (Brady, 1884)
Patellina corrugata Williamson, 1858
Planispirinoides bucculenta (Brady, 1884)
Pyrgo bulloides (d'Orbigny, 1826)
Pyrgo comata (Brady, 1881)
Pyrgo depressa (d'Orbigny, 1826)
Pyrgo elongata (d'Orbigny, 1826)
Pyrgo inornata (d'Orbigny, 1846)
*Pyrgo anomala (Schlumberger, 1891)
Pyrgo labrum Gudmundsson, 1998
Pyrgo lucernula (Schwager, 1866)
Pyrgo murrhina (Schwager, 1866)
Pyrgo pyxis Gudmundsson, 1998
Pyrgo ringens (Lamarck, 1804)
Pyrgo sarsi (Schlumberger, 1891)
Pyrgo serrata (Bailey, 1861)
Pyrgo williamsoni (Silvestri, 1923)
Pyrgoella sphaera (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Quinqueloculina arctica Cushman, 1933
Quinqueloculina auberiana d'Orbigny, 1839
Quinqueloculina agglutinans d'Orbigny, 1839
Quinqueloculina nitida Nørvang, 1945
Quinqueloculina seminuda Reuss, 1866
Quinqueloculina seminula (Linnaeus, 1758)
*Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Quinqueloculina vulgaris d'Orbigny, 1826
Sigmopyrgo vespertilio (Schlumberger, 1891)
*Pyrgo vespertilio (Schlumberger, 1891)
Silicosigmoilina groenlandica (Cushman) emend Loeblich & Tappan, 1953
*Quinqueloculina groenlandica Cushman, 1933
Siphonaperta quadrata (Nørvang, 1945)
*Quinqueloculina quadrata Nørvang, 1945
Spiroloculina limbata d'Orbigny, 1826
Spirophthalmidium acutimargo (Brady, 1884)
*Ophthalmidium acutimargo (Brady, 1884)
Triloculina oblonga (Montagu, 1803)
Triloculina tricarinata d'Orbigny, 1826
Triloculina trigonula (Lamarck, 1804)
Triloculina trihedra Loeblich & Tappan, 1953
Triloculinoides magnusi Stschedrina, 1946
Glergötungar (Calcareous species - hyaline)
Alabaminella weddellensis (Earland, 1936)
*Eponides weddellensis Earland, 1936
Astacolus de Montfort, 1808
Astrononion gallowayi Loeblich & Tappan, 1953
Astrononion stellatum Cushman & Edwards, 1937
Bolivinellina pseudopunctata (Höglund, 1947)
*Bolivina pseudopunctata Höglund, 1947
Bolivinellina pseudopunctata (Höglund, 1947)
*Brizalina pseudopunctata (Hoeglund, 1947)
Buccella frigida (Cushman, 1921)
Buccella frigida (Cushman, 1921)
*Eponides frigida (Cushman, 1922)
Buccella tenerrima (Bandy, 1950)
Bulimina marginata d'Orbigny, 1826
Buliminella hensoni Lagoe, 1977
Cassidulina laevigata d'Orbigny, 1826
Cassidulina neoteretis Seidenkrantz, 1995
Cassidulina nitidula (Chaster), sensu Cushman 1922; in Nørvang, 1945
Cassidulina reniforme Nørvang, 1945
*Cassidulina crassa var. reniforme Nørvangi, 1945
Cassidulina teretis Tappan, 1951
Cassidulina teretis Tappan, 1951
*Islandiella teretis (Tappan, 1951)
Cassidulina translucens Cushman & Hughes, 1925
Chilostomella ovoidea Reuss, 1850
Cibicides refulgens de Montfort, 1808
Cibicides wuellerstorfi (Schwager, 1866)
*Planulina wuellerstorfi (Schwager, 1866)
Cribroelphidium albiumbilicatum (Weiss, 1954)
*Elphidium albiumbilicatum (Weiss, 1954)
Cribroelphidium excavatum (Terquem, 1875)
*Elphidium excavatum (Terquem, 1875)
*Elphidium excavatum subsp. clavatum Cushman, 1930
Cribroelphidium incertum Williamson, 1858
*Elphidium incertum (Williamson, 1858)
Cribroelphidium magellanicum (Heron-Allen & Earland, 1932)
*Elphidium magellanicum Heron-Allen & Earland, 1932
Cribroelphidium subarcticum (Cushman, 1944)
*Elphidium subarcticum Cushman, 1944
Dentalina antennula d'Orbigny, 1846
Dentalina mutabilis (Costa, 1855)
*Dentalina flintii (Cushman, 1923)
Dentalina pauperata (d'Orbigny, 1846)
Laevidentalina pauperata (d'Orbigny, 1846)
Dentalina frobisherensis Loeblich & Tappan, 1953
*Laevidentalina frobisherensis (Loeblich and Tappan, 1953)
Discanomalina coronata (Parker & Jones, 1865)
*Anomalina coronata Parker & Jones, 1865
Discanomalina coronata (Parker & Jones, 1865)
*Paromalina coronata (Parker & Jones, 1865)
Discorbinella bertheloti (d'Orbigny, 1839)
*Discorbis bertheloti (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Elphidiella arctica (Parker & Jones, 1864)
Elphidiella groenlandica (Cushman, 1936)
Elphidium bartletti Cushman, 1933
Elphidium frigidum Cushman, 1933
Elphidium hallandense Brotzen, 1943
Elphidium williamsoni Haynes, 1973
Enantiodentalina obliqua (d'Orbigny, 1826)
*Dentalina obliqua d'Orbigny, 1826
Evolvocassidulina bradyi (Norman, 1881)
*Cassidulinoides bradyi (Norman, 1881)
Favulina hexagona (Williamson, 1848)
*Lagena hexagona (Williamson, 1848)
Favulina hexagona (Williamson, 1848)
*Oolina hexagona (Williamson, 1848)
Favulina melo (d'Orbigny, 1839)
*Oolina melo d'Orbigny, 1839
Favulina squamosa (Montagu, 1803)
*Lagena squamosa (Montagu, 1803)
Fissurina laevigata Reuss, 1850
*Lagena laevigata (Reuss, 1850)
Fissurina marginata (Montagu, 1803)
*Lagena marginata (Montagu, 1803)
Fissurina orbignyana Seguenza, 1862
*Lagena orbignyana (Seguenza, 1862)
Gavelinopsis praegeri (Heron-Allen & Earland, 1913)
Glabratella arctica Scott & Vilks, 1991
Glandulina ovula d'Orbigny, 1846
*Glandulina laevigata (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny, 1826
Globobulimina auriculata subsp. arctica Hoeglund, 1947
Globobulimina pyrula (d'Orbigny, 1846)
*Bulimina pyrula d'Orbigny, 1846
Globocassidulina crassa (d'Orbigny, 1839)
*Cassidulina crassa d'Orbigny, 1839
Haynesina orbiculare (Brady, 1881)
Haynesina orbiculare (Brady, 1881)
*Protelphidium orbiculare (Bardy, 1881)
Homalohedra acuticosta (Reuss, 1862)
*Lagena acuticosta Reuss, 1862
Hyalinea balthica (Schröter, 1783)
*Anomalina balthica (Schröter, 1783)
Hyalinea balthica (Schröter, 1783)
Hyalinonetrion distomum (Parker & Jones, 1864)
*Lagena distoma Parker & Jones, 1864
Hyalinonetrion gracillima (Seguenza, 1862)
*Lagena gracillima (Seguenza, 1862)
Ioanella tumidula (Brady, 1884)
*Eponides tumidulus (Brady, 1884)
Islandiella helenae Feyling-Hanssen & Buzas, 1976
Islandiella islandica (Nørvang, 1945)
*Cassidulina islandica Nørvang, 1945
Islandiella islandica (Nørvang, 1945)
Islandiella norcrossi (Cushman, 1933)
*Cassidulina norcrossi Cushman, 1933
Laevidentalina antarctica (Parr, 1950)
Laevidentalina baggi (Galloway & Wissler, 1927)
Laevidentalina communis (d'Orbigny, 1826)
*Dentalina communis d'Orbigny, 1826
Laevidentalina communis (d'Orbigny, 1826)
Laevidentalina filiformis (d'Orbigny, 1826)
Lagena montagui Silvestri, 1902
Lagena perlucida (Montagu, 1803)
Lagena striata (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Laminononion tumidum (Cushman & Edwards, 1937)
*Astrononion tumidum Cushman & Edwards, 1937
Laryngosigma lactea (Walker & Jacob, 1798)
*Guttulina lactea (Walker & Jacob, 1798)
Lenticulina glabrata (Cushman, 1923)
*Cristellaria occidentalis var. glabrata Cushman, 1923
Lobatula lobatula (Walker & Jacob, 1798)
*Cibicides lobatulus (Walker & Jacob, 1798)
Loeblichopsis sabulosa (Brady, 1881)
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg, 1861)
*Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg, 1861)
Nodosaria subannulata Cushman, 1923
*Pseudonodosaria subannulata (Cushman, 1923)
Nonionoides turgida (Williamson, 1858)
*Nonionella turgida (Williamson, 1858)
Oolina borealis Loeblich & Tappan, 1954
Oolina globosa (Montagu, 1803)
*Lagena globosa (Montagu, 1803)
Oolina melo d'Orbigny, 1839
*Lagena melo (Fichtel & Moll, 1798)
Oridorsalis tenerus (Brady, 1884)
*Oridorsalis tener (Brady, 1884)
Oridorsalis umbonatus (Reuss, 1851)
Parafissurina fusuliformis Loeblich & Tappan, 1953
Patellina corrugata Williamson, 1858
Procerolagena clavata (d'Orbigny, 1846)
*Lagena clavata (d'Orbigny, 1846)
Pseudonodosaria incerta (Neugeboren, 1856)
Pseudoparrella takayanagii (Iwasa, 1955)
*Epistominella takayanagii Iwasa, 1955
Pseudopolymorphina novangliae (Cushman, 1923)
Pullenia bulloides (d'Orbigny, 1846)
*Pullenia bulloides (d'Orbigny, 1846)
Pullenia bulloides (d'Orbigny, 1846)
*Pullenia sphaeroides (d'Orbigny, 1826)
Pullenia osloensis Feyling-Hanssen, 1954
Pullenia quinqueloba (Reuss, 1851)
Pullenina subcarinata (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Reussoolina laevis (Montagu, 1803)
*Lagena laevis (Montagu, 1803)
Robertina arctica d'Orbigny, 1846
Robertinoides charlottensis (Cushman, 1925)
Rosalina anomala Terquem, 1875
Rupertina stabilis (Wallich, 1877)
*Rupertia stabilis Wallich, 1877
Stainforthia concava (Höglund, 1947)
Stainforthia concava (Höglund, 1947)
*Virgulina concava Hoglund, 1947
Stainforthia fusiformis (Williamson, 1848)
Stetsonia arctica Green, 1960
Trifarina angulosa (Williamson, 1858)
*Angulogerina angulosa (Williamson, 1858)
Trifarina angulosa (Williamson, 1858)
*Trifarina angulosa (Williamson, 1858)
Trifarina fluens (Todd, 1948)
*Trifarina fluens (Todd, 1948)
Uvigerina peregrina Cushman, 1923
*Uvigerina peregrina Cushman, 1923
Vaginulina undata d'Orbigny, 1902
*Vaginulina undata d'Orbigny, 1902
Vasicostella squamosoalata (Brady, 1881)
*Lagena squamosoalata Brady, 1881
Heimildir
1. Murray, J., 2007. Biodiversity of living benthic foraminifera: How many species are there? Marine Micropaleontology, 64, p.163–176
2. Loeblich, A.R., Tappan, H., 1987. Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification, vols. 1 and 2. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera (skoðað 27.1.2016)
Höfundur
Guðmundur Guðmundsson 6.desember 2015